Recent advances and future perspectives of rechargeable chloride-based batteries

The growing demand for low-cost, sustainable, and energy-dense energy storage devices has spurred intensive investigations into post-lithium battery systems. Rechargeable chloride-based batteries with chloride anions as charge carriers are promising candidates for electrochemical energy storage systems owing to their high theoretical volumetric energy density and the natural abundance of chloride-containing materials. This review provides an integrated understanding of the evolution of various chloride-based battery systems, including rocking-chair batteries (RCBs), dual-ion batteries (DIBs), and other emerging chloride-based batteries. The operating principles, battery performance metrics, and electrochemical features of the chloride anion storage materials are discussed in detail. Finally, the perspectives for possible future efforts in this field are analyzed to promote progress in the development of state-of-the-art chloride-based batteries with the expectation of providing guidelines for large-scale applications in the future.