The effect of laser frequency on roughness, microstructure, cell viability and attachment of Ti6Al4V alloy

Abstract Titanium alloys are commonly used in orthopedic devices due to their good corrosion resistance, high specific strength and excellent biological response. The direct contact between the implant surface and the host tissue results in notable effect of surface properties such as surface topography on the biological responses. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of frequency of pulsed Nd-YAG laser on Ti6Al4V alloy surface topography and its influence on the improvement of biocompatibility while other laser parameters kept constant. The range of applied frequency values were selected from 1 to 20 Hz. The range of surface roughness was found between 452 nm and 3.37 μm. The untreated sample and also samples with the highest and the lowest average surface roughness parameter were subjected to the further analyses. Characterization of the samples was performed with surface roughness tester, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The high rate of melt and solidification during the laser treatment led to the martensite formation and consequently an increase about 12–25% in hardness. Furthermore, in vitro study was carried out using MG-63 osteoblast like cells. The analyses of cell viability for 3 culture times, cell morphology and cell spreading area revealed that sample with the highest average surface roughness parameter is more biocompatible. 10 Hz frequency was found as the optimum parameter which led to the highest surface roughness and thus the biocompatibility enhancement. In conclusion, the pulsed Nd-YAG laser with an optimum value of applied frequency can be utilized as an effective technique to improve the biological characteristics.