Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. induces apoptosis in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes by modulating the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway

TA exerts anti-RA effects by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathways and modulating the apoptosis balance of synovial fibroblasts. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the clinical application of TA in RA treatment.