Toxicological insights of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized from plant extracts of the Annonaceae family for control of insect vectors of pathogens: a systematic review

, with synthesis conditions influencing particle size (14-500 nm), morphology, dispersion, and stability (4-8 weeks). In bioassays, AgNPs demonstrated potent larvicidal activity against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex species, particularly in early larval stages and with smaller particles, surpassing effectiveness of crude extracts. Observed mechanisms included cuticle penetration, molting interference, enzyme inhibition, and metabolic disruption. Overall, Annona-mediated green synthesis of AgNPs constitutes a promising, low-cost, and sustainable strategy, although further standardization, toxicity assessment, and field studies are needed.