Secure Hybrid Routing Strategy for Efficient Path Identification in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are important devices that are used in ocean monitoring, environmental studies, and measurements of underwater structures. Nevertheless, data routing in UWSNs has a number of challenges, which are the lack of bandwidth, excessive propagation delay, energy, erratic communication conditions due to the nature of acoustic channels. These issues necessitate such routing protocols that are specially tailored to the underwater environments. The paper involves a performance analysis of the current routing protocols and the suggestion of a better routing scheme named MRAR-UWSN (Mobility and Reliability Aware Routing to UWSNs) which will ensure a higher efficiency and reliability of communication. The protocol under consideration is based on adaptive routing decisions to minimize packet loss and enhance the effectiveness of transmitting data to the destination with the network density varying. The simulation experiments were done in a 500 x 500 x 500 m 3 network with node densities of 100 to 300 nodes. The findings reveal that MRAR-UWSN is better than the current protocols, including DBR, EEDBR and EZMR. MRAR-UWSN has an average throughput of 32 at 300 nodes as opposed to the 21 of DBR, 25 of EEDBR, and 17 of EZMR. Moreover, the suggested solution will decrease the packet drop ratio to 25, when DBR, EEDBR, and EZMR demonstrate 63, 54, and 47, respectively. The above findings suggest that the proposed protocol is reliable, scalable and efficient in routing data and hence it is applicable in ocean monitoring, environmental surveillance, disaster management, and underwater exploration.