Oral hypofunction in the older population: Position paper of the Japanese Society of Gerodontology in 2016

There is growing international interest in identifying the effects of ageing on oral health and on appropriate strategies for managing oral disorders. The Japanese Society of Gerodontology (JSG), as the official representative of researchers and clinicians interested in geriatric dentistry in Japan, makes several recommendations on the concept of "oral hypofunction."This study proposes diagnostic criteria and management strategies to reduce the risk of oral hypofunction among older people.We define oral hypofunction as a presentation of 7 oral signs or symptoms: oral uncleanness; oral dryness; decline in occlusal force; decline in motor function of tongue and lips; decline in tongue pressure; decline in chewing function; and decline in swallowing function. The criteria of each symptom were determined based on the data of previous studies, and oral hypofunction was diagnosed if the criteria for 3 or more signs or symptoms were met.We recommend that more evidence should be gathered from clinical studies and trials to clarify our diagnostic criteria and management strategies.