Prevalence and Patterns of Multimorbidity in a Nationally Representative Sample of Older Chinese: Results From the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

Abstract Background Multimorbidity has become a prominent problem worldwide; however, few population-based studies have been conducted among older Chinese with multimorbidity. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of multimorbidity and explore its common patterns among a nationally representative sample of older Chinese. Methods This study used data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study and included 19,841 participants aged at least 50 years. The prevalence of individual chronic diseases and multimorbidity during 2011–2015 were evaluated among the entire cohort and according to residential regions and gender. The relationships between participants’ demographic characteristics and multimorbidity were examined using logistic regression model. Patterns of multimorbidity were explored using hierarchical cluster analysis and association rule mining. Results Multimorbidity occurred in 42.4% of the participants. The prevalence of multimorbidity was higher among women (odds ratio [OR] = 1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13–1.51) and urban residents (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.02–1.27) than their respective counterparts after accounting for potential confounders of age, education, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed four common multimorbidity patterns: the vascular-metabolic cluster, the stomach-arthritis cluster, the cognitive-emotional cluster, and the hepatorenal cluster. Regional differences were found in the distributions of stroke and memory-related disease. Most combinations of conditions and urban–rural difference in multimorbidity patterns from hierarchical cluster analysis were also observed in association rule mining. Conclusion The prevalence and patterns of multimorbidity vary by gender and residential regions among older Chinese. Women and urban residents are more vulnerable to multimorbidity. Future studies are needed to understand the mechanisms underlying the identified multimorbidity patterns and their policy and interventional implications.