Fabrication of efficient metal halide perovskite solar cells by vacuum thermal evaporation: A progress review

In recent years, metal halide perovskite opens the new era of the photovoltaic field. The highest power conversion efficiency has exceeded 23%. Although most of reported perovskite solar cells (PSCs) were fabricated by solution methods, the vacuum thermal evaporation method has its unique advantages, such as easy controlling of film thickness, compatibility with tandem cell designs, flexibility to tune interfaces, free of solvent, etc. In this paper, we review the development and progress of the vacuum thermal evaporation method for fabricating PSCs.