Wedding higher taxonomic ranks with metabolic signatures coded in prokaryotic genomes

Taxonomy of prokaryotes has remained a controversial discipline due to the extreme plasticity of microorganisms, causing inconsistencies between phenotypic and genotypic classifications. The genomics era has enhanced taxonomy but also opened new debates about the best practices for incorporating genomic data into polyphasic taxonomy protocols, which are fairly biased towards the identification of bacterial species. Here we use an extensive dataset of Archaea and Bacteria to prove that metabolic signatures coded in their genomes are informative traits that allow to accurately classify organisms coherently to higher taxonomic ranks, and to associate functional features with the definition of taxa. Our results support the ecological coherence of higher taxonomic ranks and reconciles taxonomy with traditional chemotaxonomic traits inferred from genomes. KARL, a simple and free tool useful for assisting polyphasic taxonomy or to perform functional prospections is also presented ( https://github.com/giraola/KARL ).