Phosphorus-induced electronic coupling between Fe single atoms and Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles on biomass-derived carbon for efficient oxygen reduction

, rivaling commercial Pt/C. Notably, the achieved ORR performance is comparable to or surpasses that of many recently reported non-noble metal catalysts, highlighting its strong potential for practical applications in fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Moreover, the catalyst exhibits remarkable durability and methanol tolerance. This work not only provides an atomically and electronically coupled Fe-based catalytic system but also offers a general strategy for designing sustainable biomass-derived dual-active-site catalysts through heteroatom-induced electronic coupling.