Key Advancements and Emerging Trends of Perovskite Solar Cells in 2024–2025

Abstract The past two years have witnessed remarkable progress in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), marked by breakthroughs in power conversion efficiency and strides in addressing long-term operational stability. At present, the certified power conversion efficiencies of single-junction PSCs and silicon/perovskite tandem cells have surpassed 27% and 34%, respectively. Regarding stability, researchers begun to focus their attention on the challenges faced by PSCs when operated in outdoor environments. Furthermore, breakthroughs in the utilization of green solvents, fabrication in ambient air conditions, aqueous-phase synthesis of perovskite raw materials at kilogram scale, vacuum flash evaporation, and machine learning-assisted design are accelerating the commercialization of PSCs. The review summarizes the key advancements of PSCs during 2024–2025. It identifies a critical performance discrepancy between small-area devices and perovskite solar modules and delves into strategies aimed at bridging this gap. Finally, perspectives on the future directions of PSCs are presented, with a particular emphasis on improving photocurrent and environmental sustainability.