The gut microbiota influences anticancer immunosurveillance and general health

Discoveries made in the past 5 years indicate that the composition of the intestinal microbiota has a major influence on the effectiveness of anticancer immunosurveillance and thereby contributes to the therapeutic activity of immune-checkpoint inhibitors that target cytotoxic T lymphocyte protein 4 (CTLA-4) or the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)-programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis, as well as the activity of immunogenic chemotherapies. Herein, we highlight some of the bacteria, such as Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacteroides fragilis, Bifidobacterium spp. and Faecalibacterium spp., that have been associated with favourable anticancer immune responses in both preclinical tumour models and patients with cancer. Importantly, these bacteria also seem to have a positive influence on general health, thus reducing the incidence of metabolic disorders and a wide range of chronic inflammatory pathologies. We surmise that a diverse and propitious microbial ecosystem favours organismal homeostasis, particularly at the level of the cancer-immune dialogue.