Insights into the farming-season carbon budget of coastal earthen aquaculture ponds in southeastern China

Small-hold aquaculture ponds are widespread globally, but their carbon greenhouse gas emissions are poorly quantified. In this study, we used a carbon budget approach to assess the climate footprint of three earthen aquaculture ponds in southeastern China with the whiteleg shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) during the farming period. The main carbon inputs to the ponds were planktonic primary production (58.5–61.8%), followed by commercial feeds (31.9–35.3%), while the major carbon outputs occurred through planktonic respiration (44.0–53.6%) and sedimentation (18.0–21.7%). Water-to-air emissions of carbon greenhouse gases (CO 2 and CH 4 ) represented only a small fraction of the carbon flow (0.8–1.6%), with a combined CO 2 -equivalent emission of 528.4 ± 193.3 mg CO 2 -eq m −2 h −1 based on GWP 20 . We also observed significant spatio-temporal variation in carbon greenhouse gases among the three ponds, which could be attributed to the variation in Chl- a and carbon substrate supply. Nevertheless, the magnitude of CH 4 emission from these ponds was still higher than some other agro-ecosystems. Moreover, we found that only 21% of the excess organic carbon was converted to shrimp biomass, while another 20% ended up in the sediment. Our findings suggested that lowering the feed conversion ratio and removing the bottom sediments regularly could help improve production efficiency, reduce the excessive accumulation of carbon-rich detritus and minimize the climatic warming impacts of aquaculture production. • Plankton primary production was the main carbon input into shrimp aquaculture ponds. • Plankton respiration and sedimentation were the main carbon outputs. • Carbon greenhouse gas emissions to air were minor components of the carbon flow. • Chl- a and carbon substrate drove between-pond variations in CO 2 and CH 4 emissions. • Aquaculture ponds have higher CH 4 emission per unit area than other agro-ecosystems.