Yak milk ameliorates chronic alcohol-induced brain injury in mice by modulating the gut microbiota and suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB pathway

-arachidonoyl dopamine, norlobaridone, epothilone A, xanthotoxol, and indoprofen were significantly elevated in the HY group. Furthermore, KEGG analysis suggested that YM intervention primarily affected the pathways of ABC transporters, cysteine and methionine metabolism. Subsequently, western blot analysis confirmed that this intervention inhibited TLR4 and NF-κB p65 protein levels, leading to a reduction in inflammatory expression. Therefore, we propose that YM provides protection against ARBI and anxiety-like behaviors in mice by modulating oxidative stress, influencing the expression of inflammatory mediators associated with the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, and regulating the gut microbiota and metabolic processes through the "gut-brain" axis.