Improving the charge separation efficiencies of ternary metal sulfides for photocatalytic hydrogen production

, heterojunctions, core-shell architectures), defect engineering, and crystal phase modulation. Additionally, the synergistic effects of external fields (electric, thermal, and ultrasonic) are highlighted in amplifying BIEFs or generating dynamic fields for sustaining charge separation. This work provides a comprehensive framework for improving charge separation efficiencies of advancing ternary sulfide photocatalysts.