Strain- and sex-dependent variability in hepatic microcirculation and liver function in mice

BACKGROUND: The integrity and functionality of the hepatic microcirculation are essential for maintaining liver health, which is influenced by sex and genetic background. Understanding these variations is crucial for addressing disparities in liver disease outcomes. AIM: To investigate the sexual dimorphism and genetic heterogeneity of liver microcirculatory function in mice. METHODS: We assessed hepatic microhemodynamics in BALB/c, C57BL/6J, and KM mouse strains using laser Doppler flowmetry and wavelet analysis. We analyzed the serum levels of alanine transaminase, glutamic acid aminotransferase, total bile acid, total protein, alkaline phosphatase, and glucose. Histological and immunohistochemical staining were employed to quantify microvascular density and the expression levels of cluster of differentiation (CD) 31, and estrogen receptor α, and β. Statistical analyses, including the Mantel test and Pearson correlation, were conducted to determine the relationships among hepatic function, microcirculation, and marcocirculation between different sexes and across genetic backgrounds. RESULTS: We identified sex-based disparities in hepatic microhemodynamics across all strains, with males exhibiting higher microvascular perfusion and erythrocyte concentration, but lower blood velocity. Strain-specific differences were evident, particularly in the endothelial oscillatory characteristics of the erythrocyte concentration. No sex-dependent differences in estrogen receptor expression were observed, while significant variations in CD31 expression and microvascular density were observed. The correlations highlighted relationships between hepatic microhemodynamics and liver function indicators. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate the influence of genetic and sex differences on hepatic microcirculation and liver function, highlighting the necessity of incorporating both genetic background and sex into hepatic physiology studies and potential liver disease management strategies.