The Role of Gender in Career Development

CHAPTER 9 The Role of Gender in Career Development DONNA E. SCHULTHEISS, DONNA E. SCHULTHEISS Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OHSearch for more papers by this author DONNA E. SCHULTHEISS, DONNA E. SCHULTHEISS Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OHSearch for more papers by this author Steven Brown, Steven BrownSearch for more papers by this authorRobert Lent, Robert LentSearch for more papers by this author Book Author(s):Steven Brown, Steven BrownSearch for more papers by this authorRobert Lent, Robert LentSearch for more papers by this author First published: 03 December 2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394258994.ch9 AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Summary This chapter examines gender in career development by acknowledging persistent occupational disparities in the workplace, recognizing workplace incivility, sexual harassment, gender stereotyping, and stereotype threat. Men's career development is reviewed, and the major theories of career development are considered from the perspective of gender. When examining gender and career development, it is important to consider the personal, social, familial, and cultural contexts of work experiences. To emphasize the powerful role of gender and social class on career development, Heppner and Jung developed the gender and social class model (GSCM) of career development. Career interventions to promote gender equity and career satisfaction for men and women have been suggested in the literature. Practitioners can use relational interventions to help clients become better equipped to face relational and career dilemmas, progress effectively in their careers, and draw effectively on relationships as a resource in the career development process. REFERENCES Abele , A. , & Spurk , D. ( 2011 ). The dual impact of gender and the influence of parenthood on men's and women's career development: Longitudinal findings . International Journal of Behavioral Development , 30 , 225 – 232 . doi: 10.1177/0165025411398181 10.1177/0165025411398181 Google Scholar Allen , T. D. , Eby , L. T. , Poteet , M. L. , Lentz , E. , & Lima , L. ( 2004 ). Career benefits associated with mentoring for proteges: A meta-analysis . Journal of Applied Psychology , 89 , 127 – 136 . 10.1037/0021-9010.89.1.127 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Allen , T. D. , & Martin , A. ( 2017 ). The work-family interface: A retrospective look at 20 years of research in JOHP . Journal of Occupational Health Psychology , 22 , 259 – 272 . 10.1037/ocp0000065 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Andersson , L. M. , & Pearson , C. M. ( 1999 ). Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace . The Academy of Management Review , 24 , 452 – 471 . 10.2307/259136 Web of Science®Google Scholar Bailyn , L. ( 2011 ). Redesigning work for gender equity and work-personal life integration . Community, Work & Family , 14 , 97 – 112 . 10.1080/13668803.2010.532660 Google Scholar Betz , N. E. ( 2006 ). Basic issues and concepts in the career development and counseling women . In W. B. Walsh & M. J. Heppner (Eds.), Handbook of career counseling for women ( 2nd ed., pp. 45 – 74 ). Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum . Google Scholar Bishu , S. G. , & Alkadry , M. G. ( 2017 ). A systematic review of the gender pay gap and factors that predict it . Administration & Society , 49 , 65 – 104 . 10.1177/0095399716636928 Web of Science®Google Scholar Blustein , D. L. ( 2001 ). The interface of work and relationships: A critical knowledge base for 21st century psychology . The Counseling Psychologist , 29 , 179 – 192 . 10.1177/0011000001292001 Web of Science®Google Scholar Blustein , D. L. ( 2006 ). The psychology of working: A new perspective for career development, counseling, and public policy . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum . Google Scholar Blustein , D. L. ( 2011 ). A relational theory of working . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 79 , 1 – 17 . 10.1016/j.jvb.2010.10.004 Web of Science®Google Scholar Blustein , D. L. , Kenny , M. E. , Autin , K. , & Duffy , R. ( 2019 ). The psychology of working in practice: A theory of change for a new era . The Career Development Quarterly , 67 , 236 – 254 . 10.1002/cdq.12193 Web of Science®Google Scholar Blustein , D. L. , Schultheiss , D. , & Flum , H. ( 2004 ). Toward a relational perspective of the psychology of careers and working: A social constructionist analysis . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 64 , 423 – 440 . 10.1016/j.jvb.2003.12.008 Web of Science®Google Scholar Bronfenbrenner , U. ( 1994 ). Nature-nurture reconceptualized in development perspective: A bioecological model . Psychological Review , 101 , 568 – 586 . 10.1037/0033-295X.101.4.568 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Byars-Winston , A. , Diestelmann , J. , Savoy , J. N. , & Hoyt , W. T. ( 2017 ). Unique effects and moderators of effects of sources on self-efficacy: A model-based meta-analysis . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 64 , 645 – 658 . 10.1037/cou0000219 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Cadaret , M. C. , Hartung , P. J. , Subich , L. M. , & Weigold , I. K. ( 2017 ). Stereotype threat as a barrier to women entering engineering careers . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 99 ( 40 ), 51 . Google Scholar Caleo , S. , & Heilman , M. E. ( 2013 ). Gender stereotypes and their implications for women's career progress . In S. Vinnecombe , R. J. Burke , S. Blake-Beard , & L. L. Moore (Eds.), Handbook of research on promoting women's careers (pp. 143 – 161 ). Northampton, MA : Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. 10.4337/9780857938961.00014 Web of Science®Google Scholar Catalyst . (n.d.), Pyramid: Women in S&P 500 Companies . Retrieved from http://www.catalyst.org/research/women-in-sp-500-companies on August 29, 2019 Google Scholar Chrisler , J. C. , & Johnston-Robledo , I. J. ( 2011 ). Pregnancy discrimination . In M. A. Paludi , C. A. Paludi , & E. DeSouza (Eds.), Praeger Handbook on Understanding and Preventing Workplace Discrimination (pp. 105 – 132 ). Santa Barbara, CA : ABC-CLIO, LLC . Google Scholar Collins , P. H. ( 1998 ). It's all in the family: Intersections of gender, race, and nation . Hypatia , 13 ( 3 ), 62 – 82 . doi: 10.1111/j.1527-2001.1998.tb01370.x 10.1111/j.1527-2001.1998.tb01370.x Google Scholar Conkel-Ziebell , J. L. , Gushue , G. V. , & Turner , S. L. ( 2019 ). Anticipation of racism and sexism: Factors related to setting career goals for urban youth of color . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 66 , 588 – 599 . 10.1037/cou0000357 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Correll , S. J. ( 2010 ). Gender and the career choice process: The role of biased self-assessments . American Journal of Sociology , 106 , 1691 – 1730 . 10.1086/321299 Google Scholar Cotter , D. A. , Hermsen , J. M. , Ovadia , S. , & Vannema , R. ( 2001 ). The glass ceiling effect . Social Forces , 80 , 655 – 681 . 10.1353/sof.2001.0091 Web of Science®Google Scholar Crenshaw , K. W. ( 1989 ). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics . The University of Chicago Legal Forum . Google Scholar Crouter , A. C. ( 1984 ). Spillover from family to work: The neglected side of the work-family interface . Human Relations , 37 , 425 – 441 . doi: 10.1177/001872678403700601 10.1177/001872678403700601 Web of Science®Google Scholar Dawis , R. V. ( 2005 ). The Minnesota theory of work adjustment . In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (pp. 3 – 23 ). New York, NY : Wiley . Google Scholar Dawis , R. V. , & Lofquist , L. H. ( 1984 ). A psychological theory of work adjustment . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . Google Scholar Deemer , E. D. , Thoman , D. B. , Chase , J. P. , & Smith , J. L. ( 2014 ). Feeling the threat: Stereotype threat as a contextual barrier to women's science career choice intentions . Journal of Career Development , 41 , 141 – 158 . 10.1177/0894845313483003 Web of Science®Google Scholar Dill , J. S. , Price-Glynn , K. , & Rakovski , C. ( 2016 ). Does the “glass escalator” compensate for the devaluation of care work occupations? The careers of men in low- and middle-skill health care jobs . Gender & Society , 30 , 334 – 360 . 10.1177/0891243215624656 Web of Science®Google Scholar Dodson , T. A. , & Borders , L. D. ( 2006 ). Men in traditional and nontraditional careers: Gender role attitudes, gender role conflict, and job satisfaction . The Career Development Quarterly , 54 , 283 – 297 . 10.1002/j.2161-0045.2006.tb00194.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Doucet , A. ( 2004 ). “It's almost like I have job, but I don't get paid”: Fathers at home reconfiguring work, care and masculinity . Fathering , 2 , 277 – 303 . doi: 10.3149/fth.0203.277 10.3149/fth.0203.277 Google Scholar Fassinger , R. E. , & Asay , P. A. ( 2006 ). Career counseling for women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields . In W. B. Walsh & M. J. Heppner (Eds.), Handbook of career counseling for women ( 2nd ed., pp. 427 – 452 ). Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum . Google Scholar Fitzgerald , L. F. , & Cortina , L. ( 2018 ). Sexual harassment in work organizations: A view from the 21st century . In C. B. Travis & J. W. White (Eds.), APA Handbook of the Psychology of Women , Perspectives on Women's Private and Public Lives (Vol. 2, pp. 215 – 234 ). Washington, D.C .: American Psychological Association . 10.1037/0000060-012 Google Scholar Flores , L. Y. , Navarro , R. L. , Smith , J. , & Ploszaj , A. ( 2006 ). Testing a model of career choice with Mexican American adolescent boys . Journal of Career Assessment , 14 , 2314 – 2234 . 10.1177/1069072705283763 Web of Science®Google Scholar Flum , H. ( 2001 ). Relational dimensions in career development . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 59 , 1 – 16 . 10.1006/jvbe.2000.1786 Web of Science®Google Scholar Flum , H. ( 2015 ). Relationships and career development: An integrative approach . In P. J. Hartung , M. L. Savickas , & W. B. Walsh (Eds.), APA Handbook of Career Intervention , Foundations (Vol. 1, pp. 145 – 158 ). Washington, D.C .: APA Press . 10.1037/14438-009 Google Scholar Fouad , N. A. , Diaz Tapia , W. A. , Kozlowski , M. , Weber , K. , & Schams , S. ( 2019 ). Women's career development: The last 20 years of research . In N. A. Fouad (Ed.), (Chair) Why aren't we there yet? The current state of the research on the career development of women , Symposium conducted at the Annual meeting of the American Psychological Association. Chicago, IL Google Scholar Fouad , N. A. , Fitzpatrick , M. E. , & Lui , J. P. ( 2011 ). Persistence of women in engineering: A qualitative study . Journal of Women in Math, Science and Engineering , 17 , 69 – 96 . 10.1615/JWomenMinorScienEng.v17.i1.60 Google Scholar Fouad , N. A. , Singh , R. , Cappaert , K. , Chang , W. , & Wan , M. ( 2016 ). Comparison of women engineers who persist in or depart from engineering . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 92 , 79 – 93 . 10.1016/j.jvb.2015.11.002 Web of Science®Google Scholar Fouad , N. A. , Whiston , S. C. , & Feldwisch , R. ( 2016 ). Men and men's careers . In Y. J. Wang & S. R. Wester (Eds.), APA handbook of men and masculinities (pp. 503 – 524 ). Washington, D.C .: American Psychological Association . 10.1037/14594-023 Google Scholar Gilligan , C. ( 2000 , April). Epiphany: The tides of knowing and not knowing . Paper presented at Learning from Women: Harvard Medical School Department of Continuing Educatoni, Boston, MA. Google Scholar Gloor , J. L. , Li , X. , Lim , S. , & Feierabend , A. ( 2018 ). An inconvenient truth? Interpersonal and career consequences of “maybe baby” expectations . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 104 , 44 – 58 . 10.1016/j.jvb.2017.10.001 Web of Science®Google Scholar Gottfredson , L. S. ( 2005 ). Applying Gottfredson's theory of circumscription and compromise in career guidance and counseling . In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (pp. 71 – 100 ). New York, NY : Wiley . Google Scholar Greenhaus , J. H. , & Beutell , N. J. ( 1985 ). Sources of conflict between work and family roles . Academy of Management Review , 10 , 76 – 88 . 10.2307/258214 Web of Science®Google Scholar Greenhaus , J. H. , & Kossek , E. E. ( 2014 ). The contemporary career: A work-home perspective . In In F. P. Morgeson (Ed.), Annual review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior (pp. 361 – 388 ). Annual Reviews . 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091324 Google Scholar Greenhaus , J. H. , & Parasuraman , S. ( 1999 ). Research on work, family, and gender: Current status and future directions . In G. N. Powell (Ed.), Handbook of gender and work (pp. 391 – 412 ). Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage . 10.4135/9781452231365.n20 Google Scholar Greenhaus , J. H. , Ziegert , J. C. , & Allen , T. D. ( 2012 ). When family-supportive supervision matters: Relations between multiple sources of support and work-family balance . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 80 , 266 – 275 . 10.1016/j.jvb.2011.10.008 Web of Science®Google Scholar Greenhouse , J. H. , & Powell , G. N. ( 2006 ). When work and family are allies: A theory of work family enrichment . Academic Management Review , 31 , 72 – 92 . 10.5465/amr.2006.19379625 Web of Science®Google Scholar Grzywacz , J. G. , & Bass , B. L. ( 2003 ). Work, family, and mental health: Testing different models of work-family fit . Journal of Marriage and Family , 65 , 248 – 261 . 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00248.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Hallett , K. , Fassinger , R. , Miles-Cohen , S. E. , Burrwell , T. , Ward , E. , & Wisdom , J. P. ( 2018 ). The changing gender composition of professions: Lessons for psychology . In C. B. Travis & J. W. White (Eds.), APA Handbook of the Psychology of Women: Vol. 2. Perspectives on Women's Private and Public Lives . Washington, D.C .: American Psychological Association . 10.1037/0000060-022 Google Scholar Hausmann , R. , Tyson , L. D. , & Zahidi , S. ( 2010 ). The Global Gender Gap Report . Geneva, Switzerland : World Economic Forum . Google Scholar Heilman , M. , & Okimoto , T. ( 2008 ). Motherhood: A potential source of bias in employment decisions . Journal of Applied Psychology , 93 , 189 – 198 . 10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.189 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Heppner , M. J. ( 2013 ). Women, men, and work: The long road to gender equity . In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work ( 2nd ed., pp. 187 – 214 ). Hoboken, NJ : Wiley . Google Scholar Heppner , M. J. , & Heppner , P. P. ( 2009 ). On men and work: Taking the road less traveled . Journal of Career Development , 36 , 49 – 67 . 10.1177/0894845309340789 Web of Science®Google Scholar Heppner , M. J. , & Heppner , P. P. ( 2014 ). The changing nature of work in men's lives: Implications for counseling . In M. Englar-Carlson , M. P. Evans , & T. Duffey (Eds.), A Counselor's guide to working with men (pp. 71 – 86 ). Alexandria, VA : American Counseling Association . Google Scholar Heppner , M. J. , & Jung , A. ( 2013 ). Gender and social class: Powerful predictors of a life journey . In W. B. Walsh , M. L. Savickas , & P. J. Hartung (Eds.), Handbook of Vocational Psychology: Theory, Research, and Practice ( 4th ed., pp. 81 – 102 ). New York : Routledge . Google Scholar Heppner , M. J. , & Jung , A. ( 2015 ). Women, men, and change: The role of career interventions . In P. J. Hartung , M. L. Savickas , & W. B. Walsh (Eds.), APA Handbook of Career Intervention , Foundations (Vol. 1, pp. 209 – 223 ). Washington, D.C .: APA Press . 10.1037/14438-012 Google Scholar Hewlett , S. , & Luce , C. B. ( 2005 ). Off-ramps and on-ramps: Keeping talented women on the road to success . Harvard Business Review , 83 , 43 – 54 . PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Hobbler , J. M. , Masterson , C. R. , Nkomo , S. M. , & Michel , E. J. ( 2016 ). The business case for women leaders: Meta-analysis, research critique, and path forward . Journal of Management , 44 , 2473 – 2499 . 10.1177/0149206316628643 Web of Science®Google Scholar Holland , J. L. ( 1997 ). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments ( 3rd ed.). Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources . Google Scholar Jung , A. , & Heppner , M. J. ( 2015 ). Work of full-time mothers: Putting voice to the relational theory of working . The Career Development Quarterly , 63 , 253 – 267 . 10.1002/cdq.12017 Web of Science®Google Scholar Jung , A. , & O'Brien , K. M. ( 2019 ). The profound influence of unpaid working on women's lives: An overview and future directions . Journal of Career Development , 46 , 184 – 200 . 10.1177/0894845317734648 Web of Science®Google Scholar Kantamneni , N. ( 2013 ). Gender and the psychology of working . In D. L. Blustein (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Psychology of Working (pp. 85 – 102 ). New York, NY : Oxford University Press . Google Scholar Kenny , M. E. , Blustein , D. L. , & Meerkins , T. M. ( 2018 ). Integrating relational perspectives in career counseling practice . The Career Development Quarterly , 66 , 135 – 148 . 10.1002/cdq.12128 Web of Science®Google Scholar Kim , Y. H. , & O'Brien , K. ( 2018 ). Assessing women's career barriers across Racial/ethnic groups: The perception of barriers scale . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 65 , 226 – 238 . 10.1037/cou0000251 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Kochhar , R. ( 2011 ). In two years of economic recovery, women lost jobs, men found them (Pew Research Center report) . Retrieved on August 30, 2019 from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2011/07/06/two-years-of-economic-recovery-women-lose-jobs-men-find-them/2 Google Scholar Koenig , A. M. , Eagly , A. H. , Mitchell , A. A. , & Ristikari , T. ( 2011 ). Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three research paradigms . Psychological Bulletin , 137 , 616 – 642 . http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/e617292010-001. 10.1037/a0023557 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Laslet , P. ( 1987 ). The emergence of the third age . Ageing and Society , 7 , 133 – 160 . 10.1017/S0144686X00012538 Google Scholar Lawson , K. M. , Crouter , A. C. , & McHale , S. M. ( 2015 ). Links between family gender socialization experiences in childhood and gendered occupational attainment in young adulthood . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 90 , 26 – 35 . 10.1016/j.jvb.2015.07.003 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Lawson , K. M. , Lee , B. , Crouter , A. C. , & McHale , S. M. ( 2018 ). Correlates of gendered vocational development from middle childhood to young adulthood . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 107 , 209 – 221 . 10.1016/j.jvb.2018.05.002 Web of Science®Google Scholar LeanIn . ( 2015 ). Women in the workplace . Retrieved on August 31, 2019 from https://womenintheworkplace.com/2015 Google Scholar LeanIn . ( 2018 ). Women in the workplace . Retrieved on August 31, 2019 from https://womenintheworkplace.com Google Scholar Lent , R. W. , Brown , S. D. , & Hackett , G. ( 1994 ). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 45 , 79 – 122 . 10.1006/jvbe.1994.1027 Web of Science®Google Scholar Lent , R. W. , Brown , S. D. , & Hackett , G. ( 2002 ). Social cognitive career model . In D. Brown (Ed.), Career choice and development ( 4th ed., pp. 255 – 311 ). San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass . Google Scholar Lent , R. W. , Sheu , H.-B. , Miller , M. J. , Cusick , M. E. , Penn , L. T. , & Truong , N. N. ( 2018 ). Predictors of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics choice options: A meta-analytic path analysis of the social-cognitive choice model by gender and race/ethnicity . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 65 , 17 – 35 . 10.1037/cou0000243 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Livingston , G. ( 2014a ). The Likelihood of Being a Stay-at-Home Father . Pew Research Center. Retrieved on September 5, 2019 from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2014/06/05/chapter-1-the-likelihood-of-being-a-stay-at-home-father/ Google Scholar Livingston , G. ( 2014b ). Why Are Dads Staying Home? Pew Research Center. Retrieved on September 5, 2019 from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2014/06/05/chapter-2-why-are-dads-staying-home Google Scholar Livingston , G. ( 2015 ). For most highly educated women, motherhood doesn't start until the 30s . Pew Research Center. Retrieved on September 2, 2019 from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/01/15/for-most-highly-educated-women-motherhood-doesnt-start-until-the-30s Google Scholar Loi , N. M. , Loh , J. M. I. , & Hine , D. W. ( 2015 ). Don't rock the boat: The moderating role of gender in the relationship between workplace incivility and work withdrawal . Journal of Management Development , 34 , 169 – 186 . 10.1108/JMD-12-2012-0152 Web of Science®Google Scholar Lovejoy , M. , & Stone , P. ( 2012 ). Opting back in: The influence of time at home on professional women's career redirection after opting out . Gender, Work and Organization , 19 , 631 – 653 . 10.1111/j.1468-0432.2010.00550.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Lupton , B. ( 2000 ). Maintaining masculinity: Men who do “women's work,” . British Journal of Management , 11 , 33 – 48 . 10.1111/1467-8551.11.s1.4 Web of Science®Google Scholar Mainiero , L. A. , & Sullivan , S. E. ( 2005 ). Kaleidoscope careers: An alternate explanation for the “opt out” revolution . Academy of Management Executive , 19 , 106 – 121 . 10.5465/AME.2005.15841962 Web of Science®Google Scholar McGrath , M. , Driscoll , M. , & Gross , M. ( 2005 ). Back in the game: Returning to business after a hiatus . Philadelphia, PA : Wharton Center for Leadership and Change . Google Scholar Moen , P. ( 2011 ). From work-family to the ‘gendered life course’ and ‘fit’: Five challenges to the field . Community, Work & Family , 14 , 81 – 96 . 10.1080/13668803.2010.532661 Google Scholar Moen , P. , & Flood , S. ( 2013 ). Limited engagements? Women's and men's work/volunteer time in the encore life course stage . Social Problems , 60 , 206 – 233 . 10.1525/sp.2013.60.2.206 Web of Science®Google Scholar NSF . ( 2018 , March). The state of girls and women in STEM . Retrieved on Aug 1, 2019 from https://ngcproject.org/sites/default/files/ngcp_the_state_of_girls_and_women_in_stem_018a.pdf Google Scholar O'Brien , K. M. , Friedman , S. M. , Tipton , L. C. , & Linn , S. G. ( 2000 ). Attachment, separation, and women's vocational development: A longitudinal analysis . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 47 , 301 – 315 . doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.47.3.301 10.1037/0022-0167.47.3.301 Web of Science®Google Scholar Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD] . ( 2018 ). Balancing paid work, unpaid work and leisure . Retrieved on September 5, 2019 from https://www.oecd.org/gender/balancing-paid-work-unpaid-work-and-leisure.htm Google Scholar Paul , K. L. , & Moser , K. ( 2009 ). Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analysis . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 74 , 264 – 282 . 10.1016/j.jvb.2009.01.001 Web of Science®Google Scholar Piacenza , J. ( 2019 ). On gender workplace imbalances, man's myth is woman's reality . Retrieved On November 3, 2019 from https://morningconsult.com/2019/10/30/on-gender-workplaceimbalances-mans-myth-is-womans-reality Google Scholar Richardson , M. S. ( 2012 ). Counseling for work and relationship . The Counseling Psychologist , 40 , 190 – 242 . 10.1177/0011000011406452 Web of Science®Google Scholar Ridgeway , C. L. , & Correll , S. J. ( 2004 ). Motherhood as a status characteristic . Journal of Social Issues , 60 , 683 – 700 . 10.1111/j.0022-4537.2004.00380.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Rochlen , A. B. , & O'Brien , K. M. ( 2002 ). The relation of male gender role conflict and attitudes toward career counseling to interest in and preferences for different career counseling styles . Psychology of Men & Masculinity , 3 , 9 – 21 . 10.1037/1524-9220.3.1.9 Google Scholar Ruderman , M. N. , Ohlott , P. J. , Panzer , K. , & King , S. N. ( 2002 ). Benefits of multiple roles for managerial women . Academy of Management Journal , 45 , 369 – 386 . 10.2307/3069352 Web of Science®Google Scholar Ryan , M. , Haslam , S. A. , Morgenroth , T. , Rink , F. , Stoker , J. , & Peters , K. ( 2016 ). Getting on top of the glass cliff: Reviewing a decade of evidence, explanations, and impact . The Leadership Quarterly , 27 , 446 – 455 . 10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.10.008 Web of Science®Google Scholar Ryan , M. K. , & Haslam , S. A. ( 2005 ). The glass cliff: Evidence that women are over-represented in precarious leadership positions . British Journal of Management , 16 , 81 – 90 . http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2005.00433.x. 10.1111/j.1467-8551.2005.00433.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Ryan , M. K. , & Haslam , S. A. ( 2007 ). The glass cliff: Exploring the dynamics surrounding women's appointment to precarious leadership positions . Academy of Management Review , 32 , 549 – 572 . http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.24351856. 10.5465/amr.2007.24351856 Web of Science®Google Scholar Savickas , M. L. ( 2013 ). Career construction theory and practice . In R. W. Lent & S. D. Brown (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work ( 2nd ed., pp. 147 – 183 ). Hoboken, NJ : Wiley . Google Scholar Schultheiss , D. E. , Bransteter , I. , Wallace , E. , Quinn , K. , & Rispinto , S. ( 2014 ). Work and family integration for immigrants, refugees, and asylum seekers: Mind the gap . Giornale Italiano di Psicologia dell'Orientamento , 14 , 3 – 14 . Google Scholar Schultheiss , D. E. , & Davis , B. L. ( 2015 ). Immigrant workers: Career concerns and barriers . In P. J. Hartung , M. L. Savickas , & W. B. Walsh (Eds.), APA handbook of career intervention , Foundations (Vol. 1, pp. 259 – 277 ). Washington, D.C .: APA Press . 10.1037/14438-015 Google Scholar Schultheiss , D. E. P. ( 2003 ). A relational approach to career counseling: Theoretical integration and practical application . Journal of Counseling and Development , 81 , 301 – 310 . 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2003.tb00257.x Web of Science®Google Scholar Schultheiss , D. E. P. ( 2006 ). The interface of work and family life . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 17 , 334 – 341 . 10.1037/0735-7028.37.4.334 Google Scholar Schultheiss , D. E. P. ( 2007 ). The emergence of a relational cultural paradigm for vocational psychology . International Journal of Educational and Vocational Guidance , 7 , 191 – 201 . 10.1007/s10775-007-9123-7 Google Scholar Schultheiss , D. E. P. ( 2009 ). To mother or matter: Can women do both? Journal of Career Development , 36 , 25 – 48 . 10.1177/0894845309340795 Web of Science®Google Scholar Schultheiss , D. E. P. ( 2013 ). A relational and cultural paradigm as a theoretical backdrop for considering women's work . In W. Patton (Ed.), Conceptualising women's working lives: Moving the boundaries of our discourse (pp. 51 – 62 ). The Netherlands : Sense Publishers . 10.1007/978-94-6209-209-9_3 Google Scholar Shelton , K. , Delgado-Romero , E. A. , & Werther , E. ( 2014 ). Career development of men of color . In M. L. Miville & A. D. Ferguson (Eds.), Handbook of race-ethnicity and gender in psychology (pp. 221 – 246 ). New York : Springer . 10.1007/978-1-4614-8860-6_10 Google Scholar Shockley , K. M. , Shen , W. , DeNunzio , M. M. , Arvan , M. L. , & Knudsen , E. A. ( 2017 ). Disentangling the relationship between gender and work-family conflict: An integration of theoretical perspectives using meta-analytic methods . Journal of Applied Psychology , 102 , 1601 – 1635 . 10.1037/apl0000246 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Singh , R. , Fouad , N. A. , Fitzpatrick , M. E. , Liu , J. P. , Cappaert , K. J. , & Figuereido , C. ( 2013 ). Stemming the tide: Predicting women engineers' intentions to leave . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 83 , 281 – 294 . 10.1016/j.jvb.2013.05.007 Web of Science®Google Scholar Spencer , S. J. , Steele , C. M. , & Quinn , D. M. ( 1999 ). Stereotype threat and women's math performance . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 35 , 4 – 28 . 10.1006/jesp.1998.1373 Web of Science®Google Scholar Steele , C. M. , & Aronson , J. ( 1995 ). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test of performance of African-Americans . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 , 797 – 811 . 10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Sue , D. W. , Capodilupo , C. M. , Torino , G. C. , Bucceri , J. M. , Holde , A. M. B. , Nadal , K. L. , & Esquilin , M. ( 2007 ). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice . American Psychologist , 62 , 271 – 286 . 10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.271 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Super , D. E. ( 1980 ). A life-span, life-space approach to career development . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 13 , 282 – 298 . 10.1016/0001-8791(80)90056-1 Web of Science®Google Scholar United States Bureau of Labor Statistics . ( 2017 ). Women in the labor force: A databook . Retrieved on 7/25/19 from https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/womensdatabook/2017/home.htm Google Scholar Walton , G. M. , Logel , C. , Peach , J. M. , Spencer , S. J. , & Zanna , M. P. ( 2015 ). Two brief interventions to mitigate a “chilly climate” transform women's experience, relationships, and achievement in engineering . Journal of Educational Psychology , 17 , 468 – 485 . 10.1037/a0037461 Google Scholar Walton , G. M. , Murphy , M. C. , & Ryan , A. M. ( 2015 ). Stereotype threat in organizations: Implications for equity and performance . Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior , 2 , 523 – 550 . 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111322 Google Scholar Wille , B. , Wiernik , B. M. , Vergauwe , J. , Vrjdags , A. , & Trbovic , N. ( 2018 ). Personality characteristics of male and female executives: Distinct pathways to success? Journal of Vocational Behavior , 106 , 220 – 235 . 10.1016/j.jvb.2018.02.005 Web of Science®Google Scholar Zeng , Z. ( 2011 ). The myth of the glass ceiling: Evidence from a stock-flow analysis of authority attainment . Social Science Research , 40 , 312 – 325 . 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.06.012 Web of Science®Google Scholar Career Development and Counseling: Putting Theory and Research to Work, Third Edition ReferencesRelatedInformation