Tumor Contact With Internal Mammary Perforator Vessels as Risk Factor for Gross Internal Mammary Lymph Node Involvement in Patients With Breast Cancer

The identification of internal mammary lymph node metastases and the assessment of associated risk factors are crucial for adjuvant regional lymph node irradiation in patients with breast cancer. The current study aims to investigate whether tumor contact with internal mammary perforator vessels is associated with gross internal mammary lymph node involvement.