Transcatheter Paravalvular Leak Closure With Covered Stent Tract and Vascular Plug

Transcatheter closure of transcatheter heart valve (THV)–related paravalvular leak (PVL) is associated with a high failure rate with available devices due to the complex interaction of THV and aortic/mitral annulus. This study reports on novel transcatheter techniques to treat PVL after THV. The authors describe consecutive patients who underwent PVL closure after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) or transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR). A covered self-expanding stent (Viabahn) was deployed in the defect to create a seal between the THV and annulus. A vascular plug (Amplatzer Vascular Plug 2 [AVP2] or AVP4) was then deployed inside the covered stent to obliterate PVL. Eight patients with THV-related PVL were treated using this method (aortic [3 SAPIEN, 1 Evolut], mitral [2 SAPIEN-in-MAC (mitral annular calcification), 2 M3 TMVR). Various combinations of stents and plugs were used (5 mm × 2.5 cm Viabahn + 6 mm AVP4 [n = 2], 8 mm × 2.5 cm Viabahn + 10 mm AVP2 [n = 5], and 10 mm × 5.0 cm Viabahn + 12 mm AVP2 [n = 1]). All had technical success with immediate elimination of target PVL, without in-hospital complications. None had signs of postprocedure hemolysis. All patients were discharged alive (median 3.5 days [Q1-Q3: 1.0-4.8 days]). No residual PVL was seen at discharge, except for 1 patient with mild regurgitation due to another untreated PVL location. One patient died before 30 days due to complication of valve-in-MAC TMVR. In remaining patients, none had recurrence of PVL at 30 days. Symptoms decreased to NYHA functional class I/II in 6 patients. NYHA functional class III symptoms remained in 1 patient with mitral regurgitation awaiting subsequent valve replacement procedure. The technique of sequential deployment of a covered stent and vascular plug may effectively treat THV-related PVL.