UV-blocking composite films containing hydrophilized spruce kraft lignin and nanocellulose: Fabrication and performance evaluation

The development of biodegradable films with good UV-blocking and mechanical properties is of great significance for the alleviation of plastic pollution and the establishment of a sustainable society. Given that most natural biomass–derived films have poor mechanical and UV aging properties and are therefore of limited applicability, additives capable of mitigating these drawbacks are highly sought after. In particular, industrial alkali lignin, which is a byproduct of the pulp and paper industry, features a benzene ring–dominated structure with abundant active functional groups and is therefore a promising natural anti-UV additive and composite reinforcing agent. However, the commercial applications of alkali lignin are hindered by its structural complexity and polydispersity. Herein, spruce kraft lignin was fractionated and purified using acetone, subjected to structural characterization, and then quaternized based on the obtained structural data to increase water solubility. TEMPO-oxidized cellulose was supplemented with quaternized lignin at different loadings, and the mixtures were homogenized under high pressure to obtain uniform and stable lignin-containing nanocellulose dispersions, which were subsequently converted into films through suction filtration–based dewatering under pressure. The quaternization of lignin improved its compatibility with nanocellulose and endowed the corresponding composite films with excellent mechanical properties as well as high visible light transmission and UV-blocking performance. The film with a quaternized lignin loading of 6 % had UVA and UVB shielding efficiencies of 98.3 and 100 %, respectively, and featured a tensile strength (175.2 MPa) and elongation at break (7.6 %) that were 50.4 % and 72.7 % higher than those of the pure nanocellulose (CNF) film prepared under the same conditions, respectively. Thus, our work provides a cost-effective and viable method of preparing fully biomass–derived UV-blocking composite films.