Collagen and nano-hydroxyapatite interactions in alginate-based microcapsule provide an appropriate osteogenic microenvironment for modular bone tissue formation

The addition of nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) and collagen (Col) to the alginate (Alg) microcapsule hydrogel reduced swelling and degradation ratios while the compressive strength increased compared to Alg, Alg-Col, and Alg-nHA groups. MTT assay and Calcein-AM staining revealed an enhanced MG-63 osteoblasts viability in the Alg-nHA-Col hydrogel compared to the other groups. SEM showed the attachment of MG-63 osteoblasts inside Alg-Col hydrogels. Non-significant differences were found in antioxidant capacity of cells inside the Alg-nHA-Col hydrogel compared to the Alg group. Hematoxylin-Eosin staining showed the distribution of MG-63 osteoblasts inside microspheres. Calcium deposits, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity with the increase of intracellular calcium were found in Alg-nHA-Col group. Western blotting showed that levels of osteocalcin, ColA2, Sox-9, and ColA1 also significantly increased compared to the Alg, Alg-Col, Alg-nHA groups. The present study demonstrated that the addition of mineral nHA and protein (Col) into the Alg improves osteogenic potential and provides a 3D platform for modular bone tissue engineering.