Performance study of large capacity industrial lead‑carbon battery for energy storage

Electrochemical energy storage is a vital component of the renewable energy power generating system, and it helps to build a low-carbon society. The lead-carbon battery is an improved lead-acid battery that incorporates carbon into the negative plate. It compensates for the drawback of lead-acid batteries' inability to handle instantaneous high current charging, and it has the benefits of high safety, high-cost performance, and sustainable development. The recycling efficiency of lead-carbon batteries is 98 %, and the recycling process complies with all environmental and other standards. Deep discharge capability is also required for the lead-carbon battery for energy storage, although the depth of discharge has a significant impact on the lead-carbon battery's positive plate failure. This study optimizes and enhances the lead-carbon battery's positive plate, allowing it to perform both high-current charging (340.255 A) and deep discharge (70 % DOD) operations. Selecting acceptable lead alloys, improving the structure of the positive grid, and regulating the grid's curing and drying processes are all part of the optimization and improvement process. The upgraded lead-carbon battery has a cycle life of 7680 times, which is 93.5 % longer than the unimproved lead-carbon battery under the same conditions. The large-capacity (200 Ah) industrial lead-carbon batteries manufactured in this paper is a dependable and cost-effective energy storage option. • High capacity industrial lead-carbon batteries are designed and manufactured. • The structure and production process of positive grid are optimized. • Improved battery with high-current charging and deep discharge capability • Cycle life is related to positive plate performance.