Digital Privacy

We study the incentives of a digital business to collect and protect users’ data. The users’ data the business collects improve the service it provides to consumers, but they may also be accessed, at a cost, by strategic third parties in a way that harms users, imposing endogenous users’ privacy costs. We characterize how the revenue model of the business shapes its optimal data strategy: collection and protection of users’ data. A business with a more data-driven revenue model will collect more users’ data and provide more data protection than a similar business that is more usage driven. Consequently, if users have small direct benefit from data collection, then more usage-driven businesses generate larger consumer surplus than their more data-driven counterparts (the reverse holds if users have large direct benefit from data collection). Relative to the socially desired data strategy, the business may over- or undercollect users’ data and may over- or underprotect it. Restoring efficiency requires a two-pronged regulatory policy, covering both data collection and data protection; one such policy combines a minimal data protection requirement with a tax proportional to the amount of collected data. We finally show that existing regulation in the United States, which focuses only on data protection, may even harm consumer surplus and overall welfare. This paper was accepted by Itai Ashlagi, revenue management and market analytics. Funding: A. Galeotti acknowledges financial support from the European Research Council [European Research Council Consolidator Grant 724356]. R. Momot acknowledges financial support from the HEC Paris Foundation and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (French National Research Agency) “Investissements d’Avenir” [Grant LabEx Ecodec/ANR-11-LABX-0047]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4513 .