Oxygen vacancy-induced efficient hydrogen spillover in Ni17W3/WO3−x/MoO3−x for a superior pH-universal hydrogen evolution reaction

By regulating the oxygen vacancy in the WO 3− x /MoO 3− x support synergistically, the active phase transition can be accomplished at low voltage, resulting in fast intermediate hydrogen uptake/transfer/desorption kinetics on the prepared catalyst surface and interface.