Urban workers' cardiovascular health due to exposure to traffic-originated PM2.5 and noise pollution in different microenvironments

The cardiovascular health of the people in urbanised cities is linked to traffic air, and noise pollution. This study investigated the cardiovascular health of people working in two microenvironments such as street (vendors) and workplace (office workers) whose blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) might be affected due to regular exposure to PM2.5 and traffic noise. The PM2.5 and noise levels measurements, face-to-face questionnaire survey and health check-ups were carried out on working days from 10 A.M. to 8 P.M. in Jan-Dec 2019. The data was analysed by various statistical approaches in which the link between the traffic-borne PM2.5 and noise level at 1/3rd octave frequencies has been established with the participants' BP and HR considering the demographic, socio-contextual, habitual and annoyance perception factors. The median measure of PM2.5 and noise levels violated the WHO and NAAQS limits, i.e. 106.67 μg/m3 at street level and 33.33 μg/m3 at office indoor; and 71.35 dB (A) at the street and 65.78 dB (A) at office indoor. The results further showed that the workers working in traffic corridors had abnormally high BP and HR. The systolic BP, diastolic BP and HR values were higher than normal in male workers than female workers. The influence of low noise spectrum (50-630 Hz) was mostly observed. Therefore, the combined effect of PM2.5 > 50 μg/m3 and noise spectrum (63 and 100 Hz) > 30 dB (A) significantly affect office workers' health in traffic corridors. The hearing aids, breathing troubles in the traffic corridor and annoyance perception also influenced the BP and HR of the respondents. The results are indicative and might be helpful in urban environmental planning to improve the well-being of urban traffic corridor users.