Examining the spectrum of problematic online behaviors in Chinese adolescents: A network analysis of smartphone, gaming, and social media use

The rapid development of digital technology has led to an increase in problematic online behaviors (POBs), including excessive smartphone use, gaming, and social networking site, particularly among adolescents. This study used data from Chinese adolescents to (1) examine the spectrum hypothesis, which posits that POBs are interrelated yet distinct, (2) test a previously proposed POB taxonomic framework by investigating the relationships between smartphone use and two other POBs, and (3) explore sex-specific differences in the symptom network. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 7184 adolescents from two Chinese cities. Participants were assessed for problematic usage of smartphones (PUS), video gaming (PUVG), and social networking (PUSN) using validated psychometric tools. Network analysis was applied to evaluate symptom associations within and across POB types, and network community detection alongside confirmatory factor analysis was used to identify underlying structures. Network comparison testing was performed to examine sex differences. Stronger associations and communities were observed within specific POB types than between them, supporting the spectrum hypothesis. Core symptoms included PUS-escapism, PUSN-withdrawal, and PUVG-loss of control. Escapism and withdrawal also served as bridge symptoms. Network comparison revealed denser symptom networks among females, instead of males. These findings underscore the importance of considering distinct POB types in adolescents. Future research and clinical strategies should prioritize content-based identification of POBs and devote greater attention to female adolescents. Collaboration among psychologists, clinicians, and policymakers is crucial to address the mental health challenges of the digital era. • This study validates the POB spectrum hypothesis, showing stronger within-type symptom links and tailored interventions. • Escapism, withdrawal, and loss of control are identified as core and bridge POB symptoms. • A denser POB symptom network was found in females than males, indicating sex-specific effects and tailored treatment.