A Computational Study on Effects of PID Temperature Target and RF Frequency for PID‐Controlled Nonablative RF Cosmetic Systems

ABSTRACT Background and Objectives: Commonly adopted in cosmetic dermatology, nonablative radiofrequency (RF) devices convert high‐frequency electromagnetic energy into thermal energy to induce a wound‐healing response in skin tissue. However, differences in the electrical properties of different skin layers raise questions about the impact of different RF frequencies and target temperatures on treatment effectiveness. This paper presents a finite element analysis (FEA)‐based computational study aimed at simulating and optimizing the effects of a proportional integral derivative (PID)‐controlled RF cosmetic devices under different combinations of these two parameters during treatment. Study Design/Materials and Methods: A 3D physical model for the application of a nonablative RF device was constructed using COMSOL, which included the human tissue and RF electrodes, electromagnetic and thermal boundary conditions, as well as the PID controller. FEA was performed for each of the twelve models with parameter combinations of three RF frequencies (0.1, 0.5, and 1 MHz) and three PID‐controlled target temperatures (60°C, 65°C, and 70°C) plus one group without PID control. Treatment effectiveness was quantitatively assessed using the integration of tissue thermal damage fraction, i.e., thermal damage volume. Results: In the earlier stage of heating (0–10 s), higher RF frequency resulted in a larger thermal damage volume. At 10 s, among models with a temperature target of 70°C, there is a 6.04% difference between the thermal damage volume at RF frequencies of 1.0 and 0.1 MHz. In the later stage of heating(11–80 s), the impact of RF frequency decreases. The difference in thermal damage volume caused by higher temperature targets is more significant, at 80 s, among models with an RF frequency of 1.0 MHz, the 70°C model produces 1.15 and 1.36 times more tissue thermal damage than the 65°C and 60°C models. Conclusion: PID controller has ensured treatment safety and uniformity, in exchange for some efficiency. Among 12 parameter combinations, the one with a temperature of 70°C and RF frequency of 1.0 MHz achieved the highest thermal damage volume, which could potentially result in the best esthetic effect. Considering users' different susceptibility to heat, engineers or physicians can select better temperature targets and RF frequencies to bring the desired cosmetic results based on thermal damage volume curves from this study.