Georgii F. Gause’s ‘The Struggle for Existence’ and the Integration of Natural History and Mathematical Models

AbstractFor as long as ecology has existed, ecologists have struggled to reconcile natural history and mathematical models. This article revisits Gause's 1934 book, The Struggle for Existence, which effectively bridged their divide in his time by integrating insights from the then-separate natural history niche theory and the demographic Lotka-Volterra model. Gause's integration was based on a compelling verbal argument in which he reinterpreted the competition coefficient in terms of the niche concept. This interpretation was highly influential and was later embedded in models of modern coexistence theory. The discussion will compare Gause's verbal integration with current modeling-based approaches. While uncommon today, it will be argued that Gause's original approach carries unique advantages and remains relevant to contemporary ecology.