Uncovering the mechanisms underlying pear leaf apoplast protein-mediated resistance against Colletotrichum fructicola through transcriptome and proteome profiling

Abstract Pear anthracnose, caused by the fungus Colletotrichum fructicola , is a devastating disease for the pear industry. The apoplast, an extracellular compartment outside the plasma membrane, plays a crucial role in water and nutrient transport, as well as plant-microbe interactions. This study aimed to uncover the molecular mechanism of pear leaf apoplastic protein-mediated resistance to C. fructicola . Apoplast fluid was isolated using the vacuum infiltration method, and defence-related apoplastic proteins were identified through protein mass spectrometry and transcriptome sequencing. We found 213 apoplastic proteins in the leaf apoplast fluid during early C. fructicola infection, with the majority (74.64%) being enzymes, including glycosidases, proteases, and oxidoreductases. Gene Ontology analysis revealed their involvement in defence response, enzyme inhibition, carbohydrate metabolism, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Transcriptome analysis showed the infection induced expression of certain apoplast proteins, potentially contributing to pear leaf resistance. Notably, the expression of PbrGlu1 , an endo-β-1,3-glucanase from the glycoside hydrolase 17 family, was significantly higher in infected leaves. Silencing of the PbrGlu1 gene increased pear leaf susceptibility to C. fructicola , leading to more severe symptoms and higher reactive oxygen species content. Overall, our study provides insights into the apoplast space interaction between pear leaves and C. fructicola , identifies a key gene in infected pears, and offers a foundation and new strategy for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying pear anthracnose and breeding disease-resistant pears.