Foundational Approaches in Dynamic Light Scattering Protocols for Precise Nanoparticle Characterization

Abstract Dynamic light scattering (DLS) has emerged as a powerful and versatile analytical technique for characterizing particles in solution across various scientific disciplines. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles of DLS, focusing on the Brownian motion of particles and its relationship with the intensity fluctuations of scattered light. The instrumentation of DLS is discussed in detail, covering key components such as the laser source, detector, correlator, and sample handling techniques. Additionally, we elaborate on data interpretation methods, including the application of autocorrelation functions and algorithms used for determining particle size distribution (PSD). PSD is a fundamental concept in materials science and pharmaceutical research that describes the relative amounts of particles present in a sample according to their size. It provides crucial information about the physical and chemical properties of powders, granular materials, and particles dispersed in fluids. This review aims to provide researchers with a thorough understanding of DLS technology and its potential to advance particle characterization across multiple scientific domains.