Trimethylated Chitosan Nanoparticles for Targeted Treatment of Metastatic Colon Cancer: Mechanisms, Gene Regulation, and Future Positions

This review explores the innovative use of trimethylated chitosan (TMC) nanoparticles in treating metastatic colon cancer (mCC). Conventional chemotherapy often faces challenges related to efficacy and safety, but TMC nanoparticles offer a promising alternative due to their biocompatibility, enhanced drug delivery, and potential to influence gene expression. The article examines how TMC nanoparticles improve the oral bioavailability of chemotherapeutics like 5-Fluorouracil and Irinotecan while also targeting cancer stem cells and the tumor microenvironment. Key findings suggest that TMC nanoparticles can effectively encapsulate genetic material, improve gene therapy outcomes while minimizing toxicity. Their ability to overcome biological barriers ensures the precise delivery of therapeutic agents to tumor sites, enhancing treatment effectiveness. The review also highlights the growing challenge of drug resistance and the need for personalized treatment approaches, emphasizing how TMC nanoparticles could play a crucial role in combination therapies. Future research directions include refining the design and synthesis of TMC nanoparticles, integrating artificial intelligence for personalized medicine, and identifying molecular targets. Overall, this review highlights the transformative potential of TMC nanoparticles in reshaping mCC treatment, offering more effective and targeted therapies that could significantly improve patient outcomes.