Aerosols in polar regions: A historical overview based on optical depth and in situ observations

Large sets of filtered actinometer, filtered pyrheliometer and Sun photometer measurements have been carried out over the past 30 years by various groups at different Arctic and Antarctic sites and for different time periods. They were examined to estimate ensemble average, long‐term trends of the summer background aerosol optical depth AOD(500 nm) in the polar regions (omitting the data influenced by Arctic haze and volcanic eruptions). The trend for the Arctic was estimated to be between −1.6% and −2.0% per year over 30 years, depending on location. No significant trend was observed for Antarctica. The time patterns of AOD(500 nm) and Ångström's parameters α and β measured with Sun photometers during the last 20 years at various Arctic and Antarctic sites are also presented. They give a measure of the large variations of these parameters due to El Chichon, Pinatubo, and Cerro Hudson volcanic particles, Arctic haze episodes most frequent in winter and spring, and the transport of Asian dust and boreal smokes to the Arctic region. Evidence is also shown of marked differences between the aerosol optical parameters measured at coastal and high‐altitude sites in Antarctica. In situ optical and chemical composition parameters of aerosol particles measured at Arctic and Antarctic sites are also examined to achieve more complete information on the multimodal size distribution shape parameters and their radiative properties. A characterization of aerosol radiative parameters is also defined by plotting the daily mean values of α as a function of AOD(500 nm), separately for the two polar regions, allowing the identification of different clusters related to fifteen aerosol classes, for which the spectral values of complex refractive index and single scattering albedo were evaluated.