Structured clay minerals-based nanomaterials for sustainable photo/thermal carbon dioxide conversion to cleaner fuels: A critical review

In efforts to achieve a sustainable development goal, the utilization of CO 2 to generate renewable fuels is promising, as it is a sustainable technology that provides affordable and clean energy. To realize the production of renewable green fuels, a proficient and low-cost technology is required. Using photo/thermal catalytic process, the goal of sustainable CO 2 hydrogenation can be achieved. There have been several types of catalysts under explorations, however, they are expensive with limited availability. In the current development, green materials such as mineral clays are emerging as cocatalyst/supports for CO 2 hydrogenation. Clays are bestowed with various beneficial properties such as a large surface area, high porosity, abundant basic sites, excellent thermal stability and chemical corrosion resistance. Clays are promising materials that can drastically reduce the cost in catalyst preparation, partially fulfil the energy demand and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This review aims to focus on the various types of clays and their applications in the field of photo/thermal CO 2 hydrogenation to renewable fuels. Firstly, the classifications of clays are provided, whereby they can be differentiated based on their silicate layers, namely 1:1 and 2:1 type clay and their properties re thoroughly discussed to provide advantages and applications. The applications of various clays such as kaolinite, halloysite, montmorillonite, attapulgite, saponite and volkonskoite for CO 2 hydrogenation reactions are systematically discoursed. In addition, various approaches to improve the capability of raw clays as catalyst support are critically discussed, which includes thermal treatment, exfoliation, acid-leaching and pillaring approaches. A critical discussion regarding the engineering aspects to further enhance clay-based catalyst for CO 2 hydrogenation are further disclosed. In short, clays are freely available materials that can be found in abundance. However, there are many more different types of natural green clays that has not been studied and explored in various energy applications. • Mineral clays can be effectively classified based on their silicate layer. • Clays own a number of properties, making them suitable catalyst support. • Admirable CO 2 conversion to fuels is attained over clay-based catalysts. • Clays can be pre-treated via various methods to enhance their properties. • Several engineering aspects further boost activity of clay-based catalysts.