Evaluation of the Effects of Anti‐PD‐1 Therapy on Triple‐Negative Breast Cancer in Mice by Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging and Dynamic Contrast‐Enhanced Imaging

Background The monitoring of immunotherapies is still based on changes in the tumor size in imaging, with a long evaluation period and low sensitivity. Purpose To investigate the effectiveness of diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) and dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) in assessing the therapeutic efficacy of anti‐programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) therapy in a mouse triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) model. Study Type Prospective. Animal Model A total of 54 BALB/c mouse subcutaneous 4 T1 transplantation models of TNBC . Field Strength/Sequence A 3. 0‐T ; turbo spin echo ( TSE ) T2 ‐weighted imaging, DKI with seven b values (0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 sec/mm 2 ) and T1 ‐twist DCE acquisition series. Assessment DKI and DCE‐MRI parameters were evaluated by two radiologists independently. Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn manually on the maximum cross‐sectional area of the lesion; care was taken to avoid necrotic areas. The tumor cell density, the CD45 and CD31 levels were analyzed by two pathologists. Statistical Tests The two‐tailed unpaired t‐test, Mann–Whitney U test, Fisher's exact test and Pearson correlation coefficient were performed. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), mean diffusivity (MD), K trans and K ep values were significantly different between the two groups at each time point after treatment. There were significant differences in the mean kurtosis (MK) and V e values between the two groups at 5 and 10 days after treatment but no significant differences at 15 days ( P = 0.317 and 0.183, respectively). The ADC and MD values were significantly correlated with tumor cell density (ADC, r = −0.833; MD, r = 0.890) and the CD45 level (ADC, r = 0.720; MD, r = 0.718). The K trans and K ep values were significantly correlated with the CD31 level (K trans , r = 0.820; K ep , r = 0.683). Data Conclusion DKI and DCE‐MRI could reflect the changes in tumor microstructure and tumor tissue vasculature after anti‐PD‐1 therapy, respectively. Level of Evidence 1 Technical Efficacy Stage 4.