Synthesis, Characterization, Functionalization and Bio-Applications of Hydroxyapatite Nanomaterials: An Overview

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is similar to natural bone regarding composition, and its structure favors in biomedical applications. Continuous research and progress on HA nanomaterials (HA-NMs) have explored novel fabrication approaches coupled with functionalization and characterization methods. These nanomaterials have a significant role in many biomedical areas like sustained drug and gene delivery, bio-imaging, magnetic resonance, cell separation, and hyperthermia treatment due to their promising biocompatibility. This review highlighted the HA-NMs chemical composition, recent progress in synthesis methods, characterization and surface modification methods, ion-doping, and role in biomedical applications. HA-NMs have a substantial role as drug delivery vehicles, coating material, bone implant, coating, ceramic, and composite materials. Here, we try to summarize an overview of HA-NMs with the provision of future directions.