Genetic dissection of puberty in mice

New Findings What is the topic of this review? How is the timely reactivation of gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone neurons at puberty regulated? What advances does it highlight? Conditional ablation of the oestrogen receptor α gene in kisspeptin neurons results in a dramatic advancement of the onset of puberty in female mice, but subsequent pubertal maturation is arrested in these animals, as they fail to acquire normal ovulatory cyclicity. In contrast, the onset of puberty in female mice was unaffected by kisspeptin neuron ablation. Furthermore, the animals attained regular ovulatory cyclicity and were fertile. Consistent with this, female mice lacking neurons that express the kisspeptin receptor GPR54 were also fertile, suggesting female reproductive maturation in the absence of kisspeptin/GPR54 signalling. Determining the neural mechanisms controlling gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) release is of pivotal importance in understanding central control of reproductive physiology in vertebrates. Targeted genetic manipulation of kisspeptin and GPR54 neurons has provided new insights into the mechanisms modulating GnRH release and thereby regulating hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis activity during reproductive maturation. While conditional ablation of the oestrogen receptor α gene in kisspeptin neurons results in a dramatic advancement of the onset of puberty in female mice, subsequent pubertal maturation is arrested in these animals, as they fail to acquire normal ovulatory cyclicity. These data suggest that two oestrogen receptor α‐dependent mechanisms, one a ‘brake’ and the other an ‘accelerator’, are sequentially operated in kisspeptin neurons during pubertal development of female mice to gate and then to activate GnRH release. In a different experimental approach, we removed entire kisspeptin neurons from the mouse brain and thus from the neural circuits controlling reproduction. Surprisingly, the onset of puberty in females was unaffected by kisspeptin neuron ablation. Furthermore, the animals attained regular ovulatory cyclicity and were fertile. Consistent with this, female mice lacking neurons that express the kisspeptin receptor GPR54 were also fertile, suggesting female reproductive maturation in the absence of kisspeptin/GPR54 signalling. However, acute kisspeptin neuron ablation in adult mice inhibited fertility, indicating that there is developmental compensation for the loss of kisspeptin neurons during reproductive neural circuit formation. Finally, we showed that kisspeptin neurons become an indispensable part of reproductive neural circuitry in the mouse brain before postnatal day 20.