Bilevel Mixed Land Use–Transportation Model Based on Urban Road Network Balance

The aim of this work is to investigate the interaction between mixed land use patterns and urban road structures based on the balance theory of complex networks. An approach for extracting a signed network from a weighted road network is proposed, and a walk-based balance index for urban road networks is developed. A probability matrix is adopted for the conversion between various land use types. Then a bi-level integrated mixed land-use transportation (IML–T) model is established, where the balance index is used as a parameter to correct the degree of mixed use. The upper-level is a multi-objective problem that considers total travel time, wider economic benefits, and a balanced internal capture rate, while the lower level involves the problem of user equilibrium (UE). The proposed method was validated through a sample network and the application to Handan City in China. The results indicate that the structure of the road network can be accurately measured by using a balance index. The local traffic property can be improved by choosing a mixed-use pattern given by the IML–T model. Moreover, the IML–T model is more efficient than traditional network design models at reducing the congestion caused by the distribution of the aggregated population.