Bioaugmentation and bioaugmentation–assisted phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil by a synergistic effect of cyanobacteria inoculation, biochar, and purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.)

In recent decades, soil contamination with heavy metals has become an environmental crisis due to their long-term stability and adverse biological effects. Therefore, bioremediation is an eco-friendly technology to remediate contaminated soil, which the efficiency requires further research. This study was designed to comparatively investigate two strategies: bioaugmentation by using a cyanobacterial species (Oscillatoria sp.) and bioaugmentation-assisted phytoremediation by using Oscillatoria sp. and purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) for the bioremediation of soil contaminated by heavy metals (Cr (III), Cr (VI), Fe, Al, and Zn). Various quantities of biochar (0.5, 2, and 5% (w/w)) were used as an amendment in the experiments to facilitate the remediation process. The results of the bioaugmentation test showed that applying biochar and cyanobacteria into contaminated soil significantly increased the chlorophyll a, nitrogen, and organic carbon contents. In contrast, the extractable fractions of Cr (III), Cr (VI), Zn, Al, and Fe declined compared with those of the control treatment. The highest reduction content (up to 87 %) in the extractable portion was obtained for Cr (VI). The development of longer root and hypocotyl lengths and vigour index from lettuces and radish seeds grown in the remediated soil confirmed the success of remediation treatments. Moreover, the findings of the bioaugmentation-assisted phytoremediation test displayed a reduction in the bioavailable fraction of Cr (III), Cr (VI), Zn, Al, and Fe. Cr (III) presented the highest reduction (up to 90 %) in metal bioavailability. With cyanobacteria inoculation and biochar addition, the shoot and root lengths of purslane grew 4.6 and 3-fold while the heavy metal accumulation decreased significantly. Besides, these treatments enhanced the tolerance index (TI) quantities of purslane whereas diminished its bioaccumulation coefficient (BAC) and bioconcentration factor (BCF) values. For all heavy metals (except Zn), translocation factor (TF) and BAC values were found to be less than 1.0 at all treatments, indicating the successful phytoextraction by the purslane. These results suggest that the purslane can be considered an excellent phytoextracting agent for soils contaminated with heavy metals.