Two-dimensional materials and their derivatives for high performance phase change materials: emerging trends and challenges

Phase change materials (PCMs) have garnered intensive attention due to their high energy density and stable energy output in the field of thermal energy storage. However, the low thermal conductivity (TC) and liquid phase leakage of PCMs during phase transition significantly prevent widespread applications. Recently, two-dimensional (2D) materials are being extensively applied in improving the performance of PCMs, relying on their ultrahigh TC and excellent loading capacity. Importantly, their superior optical and electrical properties can offer PCMs with multi-responsive thermal energy conversion ability. This review summarizes the latest developments, emerging trends and challenges of 2D materials for advanced PCMs. We proceed from the importance of thermal energy storage and the key roles of 2D materials in the performance improvement of PCMs. Then, the fundamentals related to energy storage and thermal conduction mechanism of PCMs is systematic discussed. Further, the major preparation strategies and the major applications of 2D materials-based PCMs are emphasized in the thermal management of lithium-ion battery, solar-thermal, solar-thermal-electric and electro-thermal conversion and storage. Finally, the challenges and emerging perspectives are envisaged for deepening the future study and extending the applications of 2D materials for high-performance PCMs.