β-Catenin (CTNNB1) Promotes Preovulatory Follicular Development but Represses LH-Mediated Ovulation and Luteinization

Wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site family (WNT)/beta-catenin (CTNNB1) pathway components are expressed in ovarian granulosa cells, direct female gonad development, and are regulated by the pituitary gonadotropins. However, the in vivo functions of CTNNB1 during preovulatory follicular development, ovulation, and luteinization remain unclear. Using a mouse model Ctnnb1((Ex3)fl/fl);Cyp19-Cre (Ctnnb1((Ex3)gc-/-)), expressing dominant stable CTNNB1 in granulosa cells of small antral and preovulatory follicles, we show that CTNNB1 facilitates FSH-induced follicular growth and decreases the follicle atresia (granulosa cell apoptosis). At the molecular level, WNT signaling and FSH synergistically promote the expression of genes required for cell proliferation and estrogen biosynthesis, but decrease FOXO1, which negatively regulates proliferation and steroidogenesis. Conversely, dominant stable CTNNB1 represses LH-induced oocyte maturation, ovulation, luteinization, and progesterone biosynthesis. Specifically, granulosa cells in the Ctnnb1((Ex3)gc)(-/-) mice showed compromised responses to the LH surge and decreased levels of the epidermal growth factor-like factors (Areg and Ereg) that in vivo and in vitro mediate LH action. One underlying mechanism by which CTNNB1 prevents LH responses is by reducing phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element-binding protein, which is essential for the expression of Areg and Ereg. By contrast, depletion of Ctnnb1 using the Ctnnb1(fl/fl);Cyp19-Cre mice did not alter FSH regulation of preovulatory follicular development or female fertility but dramatically enhanced LH induction of genes in granulosa cells in culture. Thus, CTNNB1 can enhance FSH and LH actions in antral follicles but overactivation of CTNNB1 negatively effects LH-induced ovulation and luteinization, highlighting the cell context-dependent and developmental stage-specific interactions of WNT/CTNNB1 pathway and G protein-coupled gonadotropin receptors in female fertility.