Active during childhood: Undercontrolled or extraverted in late adolescence? A longitudinal study distinguishing different conceptions of childhood activity.

per year). Energetic activity at age 8.5 positively predicted higher levels of both the Big Five extraversion domain and the self-discipline facet of conscientiousness at age 16.5. In contrast, dysregulated activity at age 8.5 predicted lower levels of both conscientiousness and agreeableness. The findings advocate for a distinction between energetic and dysregulated activity in temperament and personality theories, addressing inconsistencies in previous research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).