Beneficial effects of non‐pharmacological interventions for post‐stroke pain: A meta‐analysis

Abstract Purpose Pain is a frequent post‐stroke health concern, and several non‐pharmacological interventions are commonly employed to manage it. However, few reviews have examined the effectiveness of such interventions, making it difficult to draw conclusions about their usefulness. Furthermore, subgroup analysis based on post‐stroke pain level or intervention characteristics is rarely performed. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of non‐pharmacological interventions and evaluate the significant factors associated with post‐stroke pain through subgroup analysis. Design Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Methods Relevant studies were obtained from seven databases, from their commencement up to March 2024, as well as from the gray literature. The PICOS approach was used to evaluate the eligibility criteria of the studies. The RoB‐2 tool was used to determine the risk of bias in each randomized trial. Pooled estimations of standardized mean difference and heterogeneity (quantified with I 2 ) were obtained using a random‐effects model. The stability of the pooled result was then assessed using the leave‐one‐out approach. STATA 17.0 was used to run the meta‐analysis. Findings Non‐pharmacological interventions were effective in reducing pain immediately after intervention (pooled SMDs: −0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −1.06 to −0.53; p < 0.001). The approach involving acupuncture, aquatic therapy, or laser therapy and rehabilitation training was effective for post‐stroke hemiplegic shoulder pain. A pooled analysis of non‐pharmacological interventions showed that both less than 4 weeks and more than 4 weeks of interventions were effective in alleviating pain in stroke patients. Conclusion Non‐pharmacological approaches appear to be beneficial for reducing post‐stroke pain. The outcomes based on the modalities merit further research. Clinical relevance Further studies are needed to determine the effects of different modalities on pain intensity following a stroke. Furthermore, to avoid overestimation of intervention efficacy, future randomized trials should consider blinding approaches to the interventions delivered.