Enhanced Embedding of Cations into Titanium Surfaces by AC Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation for Osteointegrated Implants

Titanium and its alloys represent the gold standard for osteointegrated implants, but their characteristic bioinertness still hinders their optimal integration within the host tissues. This limitation can be overcome by introducing osteoinductive functionalities on their surface. Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) has emerged as a cost‐effective and rapid electrochemical method for generating bioactive titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) coatings, but the incorporation of pro‐osteogenic cations with this technique is typically passive and, in turn, characterized by a low efficiency. Here, alternate current (AC) PEO is investigated as a flexible solution to incorporate zinc into TiO 2 coatings by exploiting the active transport of cations during the cathodic phase of the process. The resulting microporous surfaces show a greater zinc incorporation and an increased presence of rutile domains compared to conventional direct current (DC) PEO coatings, without, however, yielding significant morphological differences. In vitro assays with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) reveal an increased metabolic activity of cells adhering onto AC PEO surfaces. In addition, the increased expression of osteogenic differentiation markers (RUNX2 and osteocalcin) indicates significant surface‐driven osteoinductive effects, particularly for coatings grown by applying a short cathodic spike. Taken together, these aspects make Zn‐doped AC PEO surfaces a promising solution for osteoinductive orthopedic and dental applications.