Incorporation of wine industry waste into red ceramic: study of physical and mechanical properties

This study examines the potential of adding grape skins to red ceramics to evaluate its effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the clayey body. Five compositions were prepared with different percentages of biomass incorporation: 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. The specimens were conformed using vacuum extrusion in a laboratory extruder, with dimensions of 120 mm in length and a straight section of 30 × 15 mm. After drying, the pieces were sintered in a laboratory muffle furnace at 700°C, 800°C, 900°C and 1000°C. Chemical, mineralogical, thermal, physical, morphological, and microscopy tests were conducted on the clayey raw materials.An acceptable formulation was achieved by incorporating up to 5% biomass, fired at 900 °C. For water absorption, the incorporation of up to 5% of biomass fired at 700°C satisfies the normative limits to produce structural blocks and sealing blocks. From 900°C onwards, it meets the parameter intended for making roof tiles. The linear shrinkage of the pieces fired up to 900 °C is slightly altered by the incorporation of up to 5% of biomass fired under 800 °C are below 2%. The bending strength, at 700ºC there was an increase in mechanical strength directly proportional to the increase in biomass. However, at 800 and 900 °C, there was a gradual decrease in the bending strength. In turn, at 1,000 °C, there was a sudden reduction in bending strenght ​​for all formulations with biomass incorporation.