Analyses of chemical components and their functions in single species plant-derived exosome like vesicle

Plant-derived exosome like vesicles (PDEVs) are small vesicles released by a variety of plants including fruits and vegetables. Like the plants they derived from, PDEVs have shown multiple health benefits, such as modulating gut microbiome and homeostasis, promoting intestinal tissue regeneration, and exerting anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects. Depending on its plant species, each PDEV has different components (lipids, proteins, nucleic acid, and other small active metabolites), thus its intrinsic molecules exhibit distinct signaling pathway regulation modes through various mechanisms. In this review, we summarize recent advances in identification of the chemical components in single species PDEV, especially by omics analysis. Herein, single species PDEV refers to PDEVs from the same plant. Beyond that, the focus is laid on the health-beneficial applications of different species PDEVs. The challenges and their potency as new tools for next-generation biotherapeutic approaches are also discussed.