Crystal reconstruction and defect healing enabled high-quality Sb2Se3 films for solar cell applications

A post-sulfurization technique has been developed to refine Sb 2 Se 3 crystallization. This process enables high-quality Sb 2 Se 3 with a smooth surface, large compact crystal grains and benign [ hkl ] growth orientation. It also mitigates the device V OC deficit, owing to the healed deep level defects.