Characterization of the antagonistic secondary metabolites of Paenibacillus polymyxa MEZ6 against Staphylococcus aureus

The results show that MEZ6 secondary metabolites can inhibit MRSA growth, prevent biofilm formation, reduce the expression of virulence genes (agrA, spa, and clf-1), disrupt cell structure, increase membrane permeability, and lead to the accumulation of ROS. Through systematic characterization, MEZ6 metabolites maybe tryptophan-associated fraction (TAF). This study establishes a systematic theoretical framework for the development and application of bacterial metabolites.