Battery Types – Sodium Batteries – Low-Temperature Sodium Batteries | Anode Active Materials

In recent years, due to factors such as raw material prices and reserves, the development of sodium ion batteries (SIBs) has received great attention, which can alleviate concerns about limited lithium resources and rising costs of lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, SIBs are considered a promising novel battery system. With the increasing demand for reliable energy storage devices, there is a demand to further improve the comprehensive performance of SIBs. In particular, low temperature tolerance has become an urgent technical obstacle in the practical application of SIBs, as low operating temperatures can lead to slow and unstable electrochemical reaction kinetics at interfaces, which can reduce performance and even cause safety issues. Anode materials are an important component of batteries, serving as carriers of ions during charging/discharging processes. Due to the slow diffusion process of ions at low temperatures, the anode material is difficult to insert ions into. Due to unstable interface reactions, it is easy to cause dendrite formation and short circuits. Therefore, electrode materials need to be designed as structures that facilitate ion insertion and the formation of stable interfaces. For various anode materials of SIBs, including carbon based anode materials, insertion-type anode materials, convention-type anode materials, alloy anode materials, and sodium metal, this chapter summarizes and analyzes their structural design and mechanisms to elucidate the basic research and development of high-performance low-temperature sodium ion battery systems.