Photocatalytic degradation of antibiotic-resistant genes and bacteria using 2D nanomaterials: What is known and what are the challenges?

As antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes become more prevalent, novel methods to remove them from the environment need to be developed. Here, we hope to give the case for the use of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials that exhibit photocatalytic properties for their removal, what they can do and what the future could potentially hold for them. Why 2D materials should be used will be examined, what makes them useful and their effectiveness. The morphological effects of the crystals on photocatalytic activity will be discussed, looking at particle size effects and shape. Recent advances in the field will be highlighted, investigating novel developments in treatment and degradation. Finally, the challenges that 2D nanomaterials face for further development will be addressed, what issues they have and the hurdles they need to overcome.