Reconstructing the perovskite surface with a homogeneous electric potential by reducing localized charge for efficient and durable perovskite solar cells

The non-radiative recombination induced by localized charges and inhomogeneous surface potential of perovskite film limits the advancement of stable and efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, for the first time, (Ferrocenylmethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (FTAC) is introduced to reconstruct the surface of the perovskite film. Calculations reveal Pb-N coordination between FTAC and the perovskite framework, accompanied by iodine-vacancy compensation, thereby leading to effective defect passivation and mitigating charge localization. Meanwhile, this reconstruction strategy ensures potential uniformity across the perovskite interface and a more p-type characteristic, thereby accelerating the charge transport in PSCs. As a result, FTAC-modified devices deliver an outstanding efficiency of 25.06% with a low voltage deficit of 0.32 V, a significant improvement over the 23.31% efficiency of control PSCs. In addition, the target devices display excellent stability, retaining 91.16% of their initial efficiency after 1,000 h aging at 85 °C in N2 and 88.67% after 1,000 h of continuous maximum power point tracking at 65 °C. In the present study, by reconstructing the perovskite film surface to achieve a homogeneous potential distribution, non-radiative recombination is effectively reduced, offering an innovative approach to boost PSC efficiency and device stability.